American War And The American Civil War - 1551 Words

In the beginning when America was uniting and trying to form its official government the northern states and the southern states had already different greatly from each other. The North was industrializing and working on expanding west and the South was booming with farming and its famous cash crop. The North wanted to abolish slavery and the South did not. Since the North and South had so many differences and could not keep a steady compromise, heavy tensions arose between the North and the South which then caused the Southern states of America to decide to leave the American Union and create their own Southern Confederacy. This tore our nation apart. The American Civil War had begun and the very people that were once neighbors had each†¦show more content†¦For example, farming was the main source of income for the Confederate states. The main southern chief crop which came to be known as King Cotton, accounted for 57% of all U.S. exports (â€Å"Civil War†). However, in order to produce these large amounts of cotton, the southern Confederate states depended heavily on slave labor. Since cotton production began to dominate and fuel the southern economy, the South felt that they did not need to industrialize like their northern neighbors did. This caused the South to manufacture very little goods and caused them to purchase manufactured goods from the industrialized North or to purchase imported goods from overseas. Unlike the Confederate South, the North decided to not utilize slave labor like the South did because their economy did not call for farming that required large amounts of labor for rapid production. The Union also decided to not utilize slave labor because slave labor was against many of the northerner’s morals. Since the North was industrialized and they manufactured goods, they had to compete with other manufactures overseas. To demolish competition from the imported goods from overseas, the northerners demanded high tariffs on the imported goods so that more people will buy the manufactured goods from the North instead of the now more expensive imported goods from overseas. The

Ethical Decision Making And Ethical Decisions - 1026 Words

Management constitute amongst major components of a company, organization or a business. As such, management oversees employees interactions with their supervisors and also control of people within a particular organization. Also, it includes critical and ethical decision-making process so as to address various ethical dilemmas experienced by employees while undertaking their respective assigned duties within the company. Ethical dilemmas are hereby to stay as issues usually arise now and then and place a variety of options that bear different repercussions. Therefore, it calls for ethical and critical decision-making skills so as to make the most appropriate option that bears more benefits in comparison to other options presented. While making ethical decisions, it s substantially important to play heed to a certain ethical decision-making theory. This would enable an individual making the decision to ripe best possible consequences rather than living to regret. Moreover, ethi cal decision making is typically important in business as making a wrong decision may result not only in huge losses but also poor relationship amongst colleagues and miserable life for employee(s) working in a particular company or business in question. Let s consider this scenario, Jill a 45-year-old woman and vice president of sale in a family owned mid-sized candy corporation have an ethical dilemma in regard to recommending Henry, William Potter oldest son to the position of C.E.O.Show MoreRelatedEthical Decision Making A Decision On Ethical Decisions1587 Words   |  7 PagesThroughtout this written assignment there will be a discussion on ethical decision making about making a decision on possible ethical consequences that may be placed in your life, and what ethical consequences will be dealt with in the mental health professional field. Decisions could possibility pertain your conduct such as an ethical dilemma that will required a serious decision to be solved by your action as an leader. Even though a leader may not have caused the problem, they do not have a choiceRead MoreEthical Decision Making : Ethical Decisions1496 Words   |  6 PagesFacing Ethical Decisions How does a person determine what is right or wrong when making a decision? Most people faced with an ethical decision usually revert to their personal values that hopefully guide them through the decision-making process. Assessing values and morals are an important role when making ethical decisions and how others view a person after making that decision. â€Å"Once we grasp the underlying concepts of making important decisions, we need to know how to apply them.† (Fisher, 2005)Read MoreEthical Decision Making Ethical Decisions Essay1088 Words   |  5 Pagesbooks and news articles are available online which discuss making ethical decisions and the importance of maintaining a high level of ethical standards in business. Ethical Decisions Sound ethical decisions are extremely important in business communication and the decision making process is greatly affected by ethical standards. There are four general rules any business leader must follow when trying to make ethical decisions. These rules help managers and employees to behave appropriatelyRead MoreEthical Decision Making Ethical Decisions Essay1610 Words   |  7 PagesWhen I think of making ethical decisions, I think of doing what’s right, but what exactly is the right thing and how do we define it? As humans we are all brought up under different circumstances, therefore we tend to distinguish from right and wrong in many different ways, especially at a young age when we first start to understand our moral behavior. This difference between the way we determine what’s right and what’s wrong is what makes it difficult for us humans to have the same understandingRead MoreEthical Decision Making : Ethical Decisions1047 Words   |  5 PagesEt hical Decision-Making The first step in the CPA (2000) ethical decision-making model is identification of the individuals and groups potentially affected by the decision. In the ethical scenario I presented earlier, the individuals directly involved and likely to be most affected by the decision include the 54-year old woman and myself as the counsellor. Those who will likely be indirectly affected by the decision would be the woman’s family, including her 20-year old daughter, and the agencyRead MoreEthical Decision Making And Ethical Decisions1317 Words   |  6 Pagesaccount the works of ethical decision making, ethical decision making is an idea that will dramatically help any manager that takes this issue seriously. In the standpoint of the internal customer, ethical behavior improves the actual atmosphere at the job and helps motivate the actual employees, sets an example to the actual employees, and evokes a feeling of pride with the company and improves it is image within the eyes with th e employees. From the standpoint of outer customer, ethical behavior improvesRead MoreEthical Decision Making Ethical Decisions Essay1014 Words   |  5 PagesHaving to make an ethical decision regarding unethical circumstances can be challenging for some. â€Å"Ethical decision-making refers to the process of evaluating and choosing among alternatives in a manner consistent with ethical principles. In making ethical decisions, it is necessary to perceive and eliminate unethical options and select the best ethical alternative.The process of making ethical decisions requires: commitment-the desire to do the right thing regardless of the cost; consciousness-theRead MoreEthical Decision Making Ethical Decisions1533 Words   |  7 Pages When making ethical decisions we as Christians use different sources to help us in deciding how we should respond to a given situation while staying true to our Christian faith and its values. The scholar Richard Hays identified these sources for ethical decision-making into four areas: Scripture, tradition, reason and experience. Neither of these is used in isolation, but work together to help us decide what would be ethically right to lead the â€Å"good life† and proclaim the Kingdom of GodRead MoreEthical And Ethical Decision Making1500 Words   |  6 Pagesmore important than others, ethical decision making is a skill that has become increasingly pivotal. Jones states that a ‘moral issue is present where a person’s action, when freely performed, may harm or benefit others’ and defines ‘an ethical decision is a decision that is both legally and morally acceptable to the larger community’ (1991, p. 387). In order to create a company wide culture of ethics, employees must believe that the organization has a desire to be ethical and see proof of this fromRead Moreethical decision making1211 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Ethical- Decision Making University of the Rockies Mabel Drafton Abstract Countertransference is how therapists distort the way they perceive and react to a client (Corey, Corey, and Callanan, 2011). Therapists are expected to identify and deal with their own reactions with consultation, personal therapy, and supervision that their clients will not be negatively affected by the therapist’s problem. Personal therapy is an effective way for therapists

Puerto Ricans as a Subordinate Group in America Free Essays

We were walking to church when mamà ¡ told us to pray for a man named Harry Truman, el presidente de los Estados Unidos.   â€Å"He is going to let us finally become our own country,† mamà ¡ explained.   I had heard those stories before. We will write a custom essay sample on Puerto Ricans as a Subordinate Group in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Abuela liked to tell stories about how Puerto Rico had never been free.   She said that first Christopher Columbus had come to the island and he had helped Spain to conquer los Tainos.   Abuela always spoke about the great injustices Columbus and Spain had done to los Tainos; she said her mother was a direct descendent of those early Puerto Ricans, which made us part native Taino. Mamà ¡ hated those stories.   Her parents had come to Puerto Rico from Spain; Puerto Rico was her home and she was always upset by the idea that her earliest ancestors might have enslaved my father’s ancestors.   She said to let the past stay in the past. At church, I prayed for Mr. Truman because my mother said to.   I prayed for him because he was going to make up for all the mistakes the Spanish had done to the country all those years ago.   He was going to make us free again.   Mamà ¡ said that Mr. Truman was como un savior. We read newspaper articles about the drafting of the new constitution.   We were our own country, but we were not.   We were part of the United States, while still being Puerto Rico.   We were protected, even while we were independent.   Walking down the street, I could hear people talking about what â€Å"commonwealth status† could mean for Puerto Rico’s future.   Some were against it, others thought it was the best way.   But the constitution did not solve everything; stores closed down, houses became decrepit, Papà ¡ lost his job. Three years after the Puerto Rican constitution was signed, Papà ¡ said we were going to move to America.   He had cousins who had gone and had found jobs immediately.   He said that more and more people were leaving Puerto Rico for places like New York City.   I had seen a picture of New York City once.   It was called the â€Å"Big Apple.†Ã‚   I had never seen buildings so tall; I had always thought that the people who could call New York City were the luckiest people in the world.   And soon, I would be one of them. We left in the middle of the night.   The ride was not long and I looked out the airplane window, watching the night sky.   We landed in an airport outside of New York and took a taxi in.   We drove across a large bridge; I could barely see the water.   It looked like another sky with all the buildings and lights reflected in it.   And then, we were inside the city.   There were people walking around.   I heard people talking to Spanish.   There were stores with familiar names and foods advertised in the windows. It was almost as though we had never left home. I couldn’t sleep that night; I was kept awake by the sound of taxis and car horns and people shouting from one building to the next.   Mamà ¡ tried to sing lullabies to me, the same songs she used to coo when I was a small child, but now, the songs did not induce sleep but kept my eyes more alert.   I thought of home.   I thought of palm trees.   I thought of the ocean.   I was afraid I would never see Puerto Rico again. But Puerto Rico came to me. More cousins and aunts and uncles and friends left the island for America.   They did not only come to New York.   They went to places like Texas, California, New Mexico, and Florida.   My best friend, Juana, went to Texas on vacation.   She sent me a postcard of a man riding a bull.   â€Å"He spoke Spanish to me,† she wrote. After my Tà ­a Felicia moved to Florida, she invited us to visit.   I could see the oceans.   I could see palm trees.   It was warm.   It was Puerto Rico in America.   Felicia made tostones y arroz y pollo asado.   I could have stayed in Florida forever but after two weeks, I was beginning to miss New York.   I had grown used to the traffic.   I was comfortable in Florida, listening to almost everyone speak Spanish and being able to understand them, but I couldn’t help but want to be back in the city, where I could walk from my neighborhood to Little Italy to China Town and eat something from every part of the world. Years later, I left New York for New Jersey to go to college.   I had children.   My husband was a Cuban man; his family had moved to Puerto Rico shortly after his birth.   We had Cuban and Puerto Rican flags hanging on the outside of our house.   When the very first Puerto Rican Day parade was announced, my husband took the Puerto Rican flag down from the front of the house and handed it to me.   We left early in the morning, with our children.   Flags were for sale at the many vendors lined along the street; food was also being sold, and little pieces of jewelry with the Puerto Rican flags on them. â€Å"Boricua,† the crowd shouted together.   I did not shout with them at first.   My children stood on their toes to look over the shoulders of the people standing in front of them.   They shouted with the crowd.   My husband reached out and held my hand.   I looked up and down the street, shocked by the thousands of Puerto Ricans gathered together.   Spanish was mixed with English; people danced together, music was being played from loudspeaker.   I felt at home. I leaned against my husband; together we screamed with the crowd, â€Å"Boricua!† References U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder.   (2004, April).   â€Å"Percent of People 5 Years and Over Who Speak Spanish at Home: 2005†.   Retrieved April 20, 2007 from   Ã‚  factfinder.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder.   (2004, April).   â€Å"Map of Spanish Speakers in the United States†.   Retrieved April 20, 2007 from factfinder.census.gov. CIA World Factbook.   â€Å"Puerto Rico.†   Retrieved April 20, 2007 from www.cia.gov.    How to cite Puerto Ricans as a Subordinate Group in America, Essay examples

Geology 10 Essay Research Paper Exercise 2 free essay sample

Geology 10 Essay, Research Paper Exercise 2: Mass Wasting Mass cachexia is a phenomenon that has resulted in over one million deceases and one million millions of dollars of harm in its recorded history. Mass cachexia is classified by the rate at which dust moves down incline. For case, rockfalls move at velocities of over thirty-MPH, while mudslides travel at around 20 MPH. This field trip explored two translational slides ; one at the Gros Ventre River in Wyoming, and the other at the Madison River in Montana. In Wyoming, the slide was caused by the clay and silt being saturated by rain and thaw H2O, and occurred on a faux pas plane about parallel with the incline. 40 million three-dimensional metres of dust was moved and deposited about 300 pess up the opposite incline. The dust caused a natural dike that created a lake, but the dike finally failed, doing a nearby town to be about destroyed. We will write a custom essay sample on Geology 10 Essay Research Paper Exercise 2 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Montana, the slide was triggered by an temblor. As in Wyoming, the dust caused a natural dike, but the Army Corps of Engineers breached the dike to forestall failure. The stone that was displaced was largely schist and gneiss, which is unstable. The critical thought subdivision asked you to put a development. The nor-east quarter-circle was the best because it had the proper sum of rainfall, a incline that was non excessively steep, and heavy leaf. All of these are factors that aid prevent landslides. Exercise 9: Land Use This fieldtrip takes us to the metropolis of South San Francisco. This metropolis has a diverse economic system that includes touristry and engineering. Besides, the residential countries of town are separated from the commercial countries. There are besides a good figure of recreational and educational installations in the metropolis. Equally far as cultural diverseness, there are many types of cultural groups spread throughout the metropolis ; there are truly no cultural boundaries as there are in bigger, older metropoliss. There is a great trade of diverseness in the physical geography of the part. The eastern portion of the metropolis is made of filled land and capable to liquefaction. The western portion of the metropolis is rather hilly and poses a landslide menace. Both subdivisions, nevertheless, are temblor jeopardies. Once once more, in the critical thought subdivision you are asked if a development should be approved, based on landslide menace, temblor menace, population denseness, and H2O supply. In this instance the development should be denied due to the landslide menace of the country. There seems to be ample H2O supply, and the population denseness is non a job as in many countries of California. Besides, temblor menace is non a serious concern in this part.

Volcano Mount Vesuvius Essays - Volcanology, Mount Somma

Volcano Mount Vesuvius Mount Vesuvius is a volcano located in southern Italy, near the bay of Naples and the city of Naples. It is the only active volcano on the European mainland. Vesuvius rises to a height of 1277 m (4190 ft). Vesuvio (Vesuvius) is probably the most famous volcano on earth, and is one of the most dangerous. Mount Vesuvius is a strato-volcano consisting of a volcanic cone (Gran Cono) that was built within a summit caldera (Mount Somma). The Somma-Vesuvius complex has formed over the last 25,000 years by means of a sequence of eruptions of variable explosiveness, ranging from the quiet lava outpourings that characterized much of the latest activity (for example from 1881 to 1899 and from 1926 to 1930) to the explosive Plinian eruptions, including the one that destroyed Pompeii and killed thousands of people in 79 A.D. At least seven Plinian eruptions have been identified in the eruptive history of Somma-Vesuvius (1). Each was preceded by a long period of stillness, which in the case of the 79 A.D. eruption lasted about 700 years. These eruptions were fed by viscous water-rich phonotitic to tephritic phonolitic magmas that appear to have differentiated in shallow crustal conditions. They are believed to have slowly filled a reservoir where differentiation was driven by compositional convection. A minimum depth of about 3 km was inferred for the top of the magmatic reservoir from mineral equilibria of metamorphic carbonate ejecta (2). Fluid inclusions ([CO.sub.2] and [H.sub.2]O-[CO.sub.2]) in clinopyroxenes from cumulate and nodules indicate a trapping pressure of 1.0 to 2.5 kbar at about 1200 [degrees]C, suggesting that these minerals crystallized at depths of 4 to 10 km (3). The differentiated magma fraction was about 30% of the total magma in the reservoir, and a volume of about 2 to 3 [km.sup.3] was inferred for the reservoir (4). The magma ascent to the surface occurred through a conduit of possibly 70 to 100 m in diameter (5). A thermal model predicts that such a reservoir should contain a core of partially molten magma (6) that can be detected by high-resolution seismic tomography. The earliest outcropping volcanic deposits date back to about 25,000 years ago. The lavas observed at a -1125 m bore-hole are about 0,3-0,5 million years old. It is known for the first eruption of which an eyewitness account is preserved, in 79 AD. Geologically, Vesuvio is unique for its unusual versatility. Its activity ranging from Hawaiian-style release of liquid lava, fountaining and lava lakes, over Strombolian and Vulcanian activity to violently explosive, plinian events that produce pyroclastic flows and surges. Vesuvius is a complex volcano. A complex volcano is "an extensive assemblage of spatially, temporally, and genetically related major and minor [volcanic] centers with there associated lava flows and pyroclastic flows." Vesuvius has a long history. The oldest dated rock from the volcano is about 300,000 years old. It was collected from a well drilled near the volcano and was probably part of the Somma volcano. After Somma collapsed about 17,000 years ago, Vesuvius began to form. Four types of eruption have been documented: a) Plinian (AD 79, Pompeii type) events with widespread air fall and major pyroclastic surges and flows; b) sub-Plinian to Plinian, more moderately sized eruptions (AD 472, 1631) with heavy tephra falls around the volcano and pyroclastic flows and surges; c) small to medium-sized, Strombolian to Vulcanian eruptions (numerous events during the 1631-1944 cycle, such as 1906 and 1944) with local heavy tephra falls and major lava flows and small pyroclastic avalanches restricted to the active cone itself. The fourth type it is the smallest of all eruption types observed at Vesuvio. It is the persistent Strombolian to Hawaiian style eruption that characterizes almost all of an eruptive sub-cycle, such as was the case during the period 1913-1944. Activity of this kind is mainly restricted to the central crater where one or more intracrateral cones form, and to the sides of the cone. Lava flows from the summit crater or from the sub terminal vents extend beyond the cone's base. A somewhat particular kind of persistent activity is the slow release of large amounts of lava from sub terminal fractures to form thick piles of lava with little lateral extension, such as the lava cupola of Colle Umberto, formed in 1895-1899. (7) Vesuvius lies over a subduction zone. The two plates are the African plate and the Eurasian plate. The African plate is moving northward at about one inch (2-3 cm) per year and is slowly closing the Mediterranean basin. As it moves to the north, the

Essay on Americanism

Essay on Americanism Essay on Americanism Essay on AmericanismAmericanism has never been associated with the issues of race, gender and ancestry in the past. Franklin D. Roosevelt once said that to be an American has always been a, â€Å"Matter of mind and heart† and â€Å"nevera matter of race or ancestry.† To â€Å"race and ancestry,† one might add gender. In other words, to be an American means to be filled with Americanism, demonstrate American identity in behavior, thoughts and actions, protecting freedom and independence of the nation. Nearly all Founding Fathers, e.g. George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, or John Adam reflected the meaning of Americanism in the development of the nation, portraying â€Å"the vast majority of ordinary Americans as mere bystanders.†1 However, other historians have provided the documentation that proves that â€Å"the 95 percent of Americans who were not members of the founding-era gentry shaped the independence movement and Revolutionary War and were in turn influenced by both.† 2 This fact means the ideology of true Americans reflects the ideas of Americanism. Historian and scholars provide a wide range of interpretations of the meaning of Americanism in the history of the U.S., as well as its impact on other nations. The ideals of Americanism had been practices in the development of progressive politics of the U.S. and had a strong impact on the quality of American democracy.   Thesis statement: Being an American in the past has been a matter of heart and mind and has never been a matter of race, gender or ancestry because Americanism is an ideology that reflects national identity and is based on freedom of American nation.To start with, being an American in the past has never been a matter of ancestry. The mainstream American ideology is focused on the idea of the melting pot.   The melting pot does not involve the role of ancestry because of the use of the concept of assimilation, whichis crucial for American national ide ntity. Ancestry does not form Americanism. The Slaves’ Petition for Freedom to the Massachusetts Legislature of 1777 points out to the fact that Americanism, originated from the colonists’ revolutionary struggle against the political power of   Britain,   involved a wide range of issues regarding justice, equality and human rights. According to the Slaves’ Petition, â€Å"enslaved people throughout the colonies seized upon the rhetoric of liberty and equality to point out the contradiction of fighting Great Britain over principles not fully followed by the colonies themselves; they also appealed to Christian precepts.†3 Actually, being an American in the past has never been a matter of ancestry because of the various identities formed into a single American identity. For example, African Americans (former slaves), Asian Americans (immigrants), Italian Americans (immigrants), Native Americans (aboriginals) and other groups are united to form American n ation. In addition, American national identity is idealized social destiny of many groups of population. American people are hold together due to common ideals, and the lack of a common origin or ancestry cannot affect the development of American nation. Americans adhere to the ideals of democratic society. They have always fought for the establishment of equal human rights and the abolishment of slavery. During the period of the Great Depression, homelessness appeared as the result of economic crises, but it had nothing common with the matter of ancestry. According to researchers, â€Å"the homeless man – the tramp, the hobo, the vagrant – became alternately the embodiment of rugged American individualism and a metaphor for social disorder.†Besides, being an American in the past has never been a matter of gender. According to Ellen DuBois, the American women’s suffrage movement originated from the public protest meeting that was held in Seneca Falls, New York, in July 1848. The major goal of this historic meeting was to join the right of women with men’s rights in their privileges, including voting rights. The impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction epoch on gender issues was enormous. In 1860, the right to vote had become the primary concern of the women’s rights movement. The Fourteenth Amendment addressed the issue of gender inequalities. However, it did not affect Americanism, because both man and women considered themselves Americans. Women fought for their rights, and their struggle was part of American identity. According to researchers, â€Å"an independent movement of women for women turned the campaign for suffrage into a continuing source of activism and political sophistication for coming generations of women.†5 Although there were some difficulties in recruiting women after WWII, because women in military were regarded as â€Å"prostitutes and cross-dressers†, that issue did not affect Am erican ideals of democracy and freedom  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, being an American in the past has never been a matter of race. Racial issues had been raised in America since the adoption of the Constitution. From the historical perspective of reforms in America, â€Å"there were continuities, shifts, and discontinuities after the Civil War.†Ã‚  During the Civil War and the Reconstruction era, racial issues had a strong impact on society, but the principle of Americanism, as the basis of democracy, had always been one of the major goals of the American struggle in any historical period.   This struggle had always been aimed at establishing democracy and providing equal opportunities to all citizens, both Northerners and Southerners.I completely agree with the fact that being an American in the past has been a matter of heart and mind. American national identity is used to highlight the construction of a unified nation, which includes various raci al and ethnic groups. Americans are unified based on the established principles of Americanism, which reflects democratic ideals. Good Americans are those people who demonstrate loyalty to their country, as well as the desire to live in democratic society, enjoying freedom and equal rights. Multiculturalism is the result of ethnic and racial self-assentation in America. Actually, the national ideology created by Americanism is flourishing now, reflecting the progressive ideas of Americanism and playing an important role in shaping the future of American nation.Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that being an American in the past has been a matter of heart and mind because of the uniqueness of American ideology and the emergence of Americanism, but being an American in the past has never been a matter of race, gender or ancestry. Revolutionary tradition in America reflects Americanism and the established American ideals. The natio nal ideology is flourishing in the U.S. due to the progressiveness of Americanism. It plays a crucial role in shaping the future of American nation and its ideals.

IS INTERNET ANONYMITY A MYTH OR REALITY Thesis

IS INTERNET ANONYMITY A MYTH OR REALITY - Thesis Example The aim of this research work is to analyse whether anonymity systems completely conceal the activity of a user or do they leave any residual information for others to identify the user. This research illustrates the different types and techniques of the anonymity tools. The low latency TOR network and the multi proxy aggregate services are discussed in detail along with the metrics for measuring anonymity. Based on these discussions, the major hypotheses of the research have been tested to find â€Å"Is Internet Anonymity a Myth or a Reality?† From the discussion of the design issues, implementation techniques, the types of attacks and the counter measures used to overcome the attacks, it has been found that in most of the scenarios, a common user could get acceptable level of anonymity by the usage of low latency networks like Tor and other multi proxy aggregate services. This is true because a common user may not expect an attack from a strong adversary. But when the user i s a specific company or a government agency that requires more anonymity, then the expected adversary may be strong. To handle such a strong adversary, specific methods of improvement as suggested by researchers need to be adopted. The practical implementation of these techniques may be challenging. Thus internet anonymity is a myth for specific users who require extreme anonymity, but internet anonymity is a reality for a common user. Contents Chapter 1 – Research Introduction 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Background of the Research 1.3. Research Aim and Objectives 1.4. Main Research Question 1.5. Research Hypotheses 1.6. Scope of the Research 1.7. Research Organization 1.8. Chapter summary Chapter 2 - Preliminary Literature Review 2.1. The Internet Architecture 2.2. Anonymity in Internet 2.3. Primitive Anonymous technology 2.4. Anonymity Tools 2.4.1. Freedom 2.x 2.4.2. Remailers 2.4.3. Freehaven 2.4.4. Digicash 2.4.5. Internet Cash Cards 2.5. Legal issues 2.6. Anonymous Users 2.7. Chapter summary Chapter 3 – Network latency and Anonymity 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Anonymity by High Latency 3.3. Anonymity by Low latency 3.4. Network topology and latency 3.5. Latency without noise 3.6. Challenges in implementing latency networks 3.6.1. Design issues 3.6.1.1. Transportation of data 3.6.1.2. Mid-Level Latency 3.6.1.3. Configuring nodes 3.6.1.4. Diversified Location 3.6.2. Social Challenges 3.6.2.1. Usability 3.6.2.2. Social Value 3.6.2.3. Sustainability 3.6.2.4. Bandwidth and Speed 3.7. Client location and latency 3.8. Circuit linking and latency 3.9. Performance of low latency networks 3.10. Chapter summary Chapter 4 - Multi-proxy Aggregate Services 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Types of Proxy servers 4.3. Need for multi proxy systems 4.4. Implementation of proxy services 4.4.1. A proxy system for intrusion tolerance system 4.4.2. A proxy model for multi modal access to internet services 4.4.3. Anonymous Signature Scheme 4.5. Dynamic Proxies 4.6. Chapter summary Ch apter 5 – TOR network 5.1. Introduction 5.2. TOR framework 5.3. The Onion Router Architecture 5.4. Second Generation TOR design 5.5. Cells in TOR 5.6. Circuit and streaming in TOR 5.6.1. Circuit construction 5.6.2. Streaming in Tor 5.7. Congestion Control 5.7.1. Throttling at circuit level 5.7.2. Throttling at stream